Fig. 7.1 Interaction between the sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal gland, and the cardiovascular system in chronic heart failure. Under physiological conditions, sympathetic nerves innervating the heart release noradrenaline to…
Fig. 5.1 Excitation–contraction (EC) coupling in nonfailing a and failing b hearts. Adapted from Brum, PC et al. 2006, “Neurohumoral activation in heart failure: the role of adrenergic receptors”, Annals of…
Fig. 4.1 How the subclassification of adrenoceptors has developed since 1948 Further studies were hampered by the lack of an antagonist at β-adrenoceptors, until Powell and Slater [111] reported dichloroisoprenaline…
Fig. 3.1 Schematic representation of β2-AR signaling to eNOS and the role of the Gi–Src–Akt axis. See text for details and molecular acronym definitions. cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate, PKA protein…
Fig. 2.1 β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling in cardiac myocytes. The stimulation of β1-ARs and β2-ARs results in the activation of stimulatory G (Gs) proteins. Gs signaling, in turn, stimulates adenylate…
6. Hsu FY. The effect of adrenaline and acetylcholine on the heart rate of the chick embryo. Chin J Physiol. 1933;VII: 243–52. 7. Ebert SN, Thompson RP. Embryonic epinephrine synthesis…
CVS cardiovascular system, NE norepinephrine, Epi epinephrine, NKA Na+, K+-ATPase, NOS nitric oxide synthase, AC adenylyl cyclase, BP blood pressure, CO cardiac output, DAG 2′-diacylglycerol, HR heart rate, IP 3…
18. Burger D, Kwart DG, Montezano AC, Read NC, Kennedy CR, Thompson CS, Touyz RM. Microparticles induce cell cycle arrest through redox-sensitive processes in endothelial cells: implications in vascular senescence….
