Key Points • Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography clearly visualizes superficial lymph flows in real time without ionized radiation exposure. • Dynamic ICG lymphography, dual-phase fluorescent image observation, is important to…
Key Points • Lymphangiogenesis occurs in four distinct regular phases: lymphatic competence, lymphatic commitment, lymphatic speciation, and lymphatic maturation. • Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor…
Key Points • Lymphoscintigraphy is an objective and reliable imaging modality for diagnosing lymphedema, categorizing its severity, and guiding appropriate treatment. • The diagnostic utility of lymphoscintigraphy depends upon meticulous…
Key Points • Primary extremity lymphedema is a debilitating disease with a reported incidence of 1–3 in every 10,000 births, and it may present with concomitant vascular lesions or retroperitoneal…
Key Points • Precise knowledge about normal lymphatic anatomy in the upper and lower extremities can empower practitioners to distinguish structural changes occurring in lymphedema. • Lymphatic anatomy in lymphedema…
Introduction Lymphedema can develop as a result of developmental or genetic abnormalities intrinsic to the lymphatic system (primary lymphedema) or secondary to extrinsic factors (infections, trauma, malignancy, obesity, etc.) that…
“Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” –Hippocrates. Overview The surgical treatment of lymphedema has evolved tremendously since the early 21st century. With the advances in microsurgical techniques,…
