Fluid Management and Electrolyte Balance
Fig. 13.1 Body compartment representation (From Agrò and Vennari 2013a, pp. 1–26) Body water accounts for approximately 60 % of body weight; it is mainly distributed in the ECS and…
Acid–Base Balance and Blood Gas Analysis
Homeostatic system Action time Blood buffer systems Immediate (fraction of second) Lung (ventilation regulation) 1–15 min Kidney (alkaline or acid urine elimination) Hours–days Blood buffer systems have an immediate action…
Cardiovascular Monitoring
(BP stands for blood pressure). MAP is a more accurate index of perfusion in nearly all body tissues except for the coronary perfusion bed in which the diastolic blood pressure…
Cardiac Physiology
Fig. 1.1 The apex of the heart when viewed from above in systole and diastole; note the position of the valves and their relationships The heart is a muscular organ;…
Postoperative Central Nervous System Monitoring
Score Clinical term +4 Combative +3 Very agitated +2 Agitated +1 Restless 0 Alert and calm −1 Drowsy −2 Light sedation −3 Moderate sedation −4 Deep sedation −5 Unarousable (Sessler…
Postoperative Rhythm Disorders After Adult Cardiac Surgeries
Fig. 9.1 This figure shows atrial fibrillation with undulating atrial activity and irregular ventricular response 9.1.2 Pathogenesis The mechanism of postoperative AF is not well described and is probably multifactorial….
Postoperative Bleeding Disorders after Cardiac Surgery
Anticoagulant Half-life (t1/2)/dose Monitoring Discontinue prior to surgery (days)/reversal agent Dabigatran (Pradaxa®). https://www.pradaxa.com/. Accessed 17 July 2012 12–17 h in healthy subjects No readily available method CrCl ≥50 mL/min: 1–2…
Risk and Outcome Assessments
A multivariable logistic regression model conforms to the following formula: In which A 0 is a constant, n is the number of explanatory variables, A n are the coefficients of…
Postoperative Considerations of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Adult Cardiac Surgery
Fig. 12.1 Roller pump 12.1.2.2 Centrifugal Pump In plastic housing, a complex of plastic cones coupled magnetically to an electric motor. They rotate rapidly; by creating a pressure gradient between…
Postoperative Pain Management in Cardiac Surgery
Fig. 11.1 A schematic representation of thoracic paravertebral block, demonstrating the spine body and other parts of the spine, spinal cord, and its nerve roots and the location where paravertebral…
