Aortic Valve Stenosis and Aortic Regurgitation: Pathophysiology and Treatment
Severity of aortic stenosis Physical sign Mild (n = 74) Moderate (n = 49) Severe (n = 19) ASEM 95 % 100 % 100 % Prolonged duration ASEM 3 % 63 % 84 % Late-peaking…
Gene Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
Fig. 15.1 Gene therapy clinical trial data. (a) Relative distribution of clinical trials by disease. (b) Relative distribution of cardiovascular gene therapy clinical trials by vector used 15.2 Gene Therapy…
Role of Gi Proteins in Hypertension
Fig. 34.1 Possible mechanisms involving angiotensin II (Ang II), endothelin (ET), oxidative stress, and nitric oxide in enhanced expression of Giα protein in hypertension. Giα protein expression is enhanced in…
Hypertension and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
Phenotype Gene SNP OR 95 % CI P value Reference Bevacizumab-induced hypertension EGF rs4444903 1.57 1.17–2.11 0.0025 [37] EGF rs9992755 1.45 1.08–1.96 0.014 [37] WNK1 rs11064560 1.41 1.04–1.92 0.028 [37]…
Hypertension: Introduction, Types, Causes, and Complications
Blood pressure, mmHg NICE 2011 [3] ESH/ESC 2013 [4] AHA/ACC/CDC 2013 [6] ASH/ISH 2013 [5] JSH 2014 [7] JNC 8 [2] Definition of hypertension ≥140/90 and daytime ABPM (or home…
Therapy for Acute Coronary Syndrome and Unstable Angina
Medication Dosing Special considerations Aspirin Initial dose: 324 mg non-enteric coated chewed at presentation Maintenance dose: 81 mg daily Clopidogrel Initial: 300–600 mg loading dose Maintenance: 75 mg daily Prasugrel…
Pathophysiology and Lifetime Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease in Women and in the Elderly
Acute coronary syndrome Plaque erosion occurs more frequently in younger women than in men. Unlike in plaque rupture, the plaque in erosion has a thickened fibrous cap and minimal calcification.Women…
Circulating Cardiac Troponins as Specific Biomarkers of Myocardial Damage: Clinical Considerations
Definition Criteria for acute myocardial infarction Types Reinfarction Myocardial infarction redefined—a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction…
Pharmacological Management of Heart Failure and Device Therapy in Heart Failure
Drug class Main mechanism of action Preload Afterload ACEi Reduced conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II ↓↓ ↓↓ ARB Inhibition of angiotensin II AT-1 receptors ↓↓ ↓↓ Beta-blockers Inhibition…
Calcium Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathology
Fig. 4.1 Excitation–contraction coupling: Ca2+ cycling is regulated by transporters and channels on the plasma membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Under pathological conditions, such as hypertrophy and heart failure, defects in…
