Diuretics for the Treatment of Hypertension
Fig. 38.1 Schematic of the nephron illustrating the handling of water and electrolytes by the different segments and the major nephron sites of diuretic action. Aldosterone effect influences sodium and…
Calcium Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Hypertension
Name Target channel Applicability CYP Remarks Dihydropyridines Nifedipine L HBP, AP 3A4 Slow-release tablets Nicardipine L HBP, HF 2D6, 3A4 Slow-release tablets, intravenous Nilvadipine L, T HBP 3A4 Nisoldipine L…
Cardioprotective Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Through the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
Fig. 27.1 Pathways for the synthesis of long-chain omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Leukotriene B (LTB); prostaglandin E (PGE); thromboxane A (TXA), prostacyclin (PGI) Fig. 27.2 Potential atheroprotective mechanisms…
miRNAs in Cardiovascular Development
Fig. 62.1 miRNAs are a distinct class of regulatory molecules. MicroRNAs are transcribed from the genome as pri-miRNAs (1) that are processed in the nucleus by a protein complex (2)…
Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: Hypolipidemic Agents
Fig. 28.1 RCT model showing (1) cholesterol efflux, (2) cholesterol esterification by LCAT, and (3) selective hepatic uptake of HDL lipids One approach has been to increase the quality or…
Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy
WHO 1 Risk no higher than general population WHO 2 Small increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity WHO 3 Significant increased risk of maternal mortality and morbidity. Expert cardiac…
Placental Insufficiency: The Impact on Cardiovascular Health in the Mother and Her Offspring Across the Lifespan
Fig. 61.1 Changes in MAP in response to chronic reduced uterine perfusion (RUPP) in pregnant rats and following pretreatment with an ETA receptor antagonist (+ETA) in (a) RUPP and (b)…
Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Recent Advances in Management Approach for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Incidence Survival (%) Out-of-hospital [1, 59] 0.5/1000 9 In-hospital [60] 0.17 ± 0.09 per bed/year 17 Cardiac arrest is a time-dependent, dynamic process as conceptualized by Weisfeldt and Becker…
Myocardial Metabolic Abnormalities and Cardiac Dysfunction
Fig. 17.1 Metabolic changes in advanced heart failure. Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac arrhythmia can lead to heart failure. In end-stage heart failure, typical…
Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents in the Treatment of Hypertension
Fig. 39.1 Mechanism of action of methyldopa involving conversion to alpha-methylnorepinephrine and therein stimulation of central α2-adrenoreceptors and a reduction in sympathetic outflow Table 39.1 Pharmacokinetics of centrally acting drugs…
