Dyslipidemia and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is responsible for more than 50% of all the deaths in the United States and other Western…
Systemic Hypertension
Definition For adults, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7 Report, 2003) has recommended the following classification…
Pulmonary Hypertension
Definition When measured directly in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, the normal pulmonary artery (PA) systolic pressure of children and adults is 30 mm Hg or below, and the mean PA…
Normal Echocardiographic Values
TABLE D-7 LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS AND LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS INDEX BY M-MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY Boys Age Left Ventricular Mass (g) Age Left Ventricular Mass Index (g/m 2.7 ) 50th Percentile 90th…
Congestive Heart Failure
Definition Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body to meet its needs, to dispose of systemic…
Athletes with Cardiac Problems
Competitive athletes are those who participate in an organized team or individual sport that requires regular competition against others. This definition is most easily applied to high school, college, and…
Cardiac Transplantation
Lower and Shumway at Stanford University performed the first successful orthotopic heart transplantation in a dog in 1960. Barnard in South Africa unexpectedly performed the first successful human heart transplantation…
Child with Chest Pain
A complaint of chest pain is frequently encountered in children in the office and emergency department (ED). Although chest pain does not indicate serious disease of the heart or other…
Palpitation
Definition Palpitation is an unpleasant subjective awareness of one’s own heartbeats. This usually occurs as a sensation in the chest of rapid, irregular, or unusually strong heartbeats. The patient describes…
