DIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS Functional Anatomy of the Diaphragm and Other Respiratory Muscles ▪ Primary inspiratory muscles are those respiratory muscles that are phasically recruited with each ventilatory effort, under resting conditions….
TYPES OF PLEURAL MASSES ▪ Mesothelioma ▪ Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Pleura ▪ Other Rarer Pleural Masses ( Table 48-1 ) TABLE 48-1 ▪ Classification of Pleural Masses Benign…
TERMINOLOGY ▪ Carcinoma of the esophagus ▪ Esophageal cancer ▪ Esophageal malignancy INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Carcinoma of the esophagus is a growing problem in the United States, where an estimated…
TERMINOLOGY ▪ Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) ▪ Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) ▪ Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) DEFINITION CTEPH refers to a variant of secondary PAH characterized by chronic thromboembolic obstruction…
ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE There are two benign disease processes that may result in esophageal strictures: ▪ Extrinsic disease ▪ Intrinsic disease The etiology of these strictures may be elucidated based on…
LUNG TRANSPLANT REJECTION Definitions ▪ Acute rejection: a rapid onset of worsening lung function, typically in the first year after transplant, often accompanied by radiographic deterioration with histologic appearance of…
TERMINOLOGY ▪ Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) ▪ Pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic pulmonary emboli ▪ Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) ▪ Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) DEFINITION Pulmonary hypertension and subsequent right-sided heart…
INTRODUCTION ▪ The optimal treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure is transplantation. This is especially true for patients who are candidates for lung, heart, and heart-lung transplantation because no…
TERMINOLOGY ▪ Stage of disease ▪ TNM subsets ▪ Stage grouping ▪ cStage ▪ pStage ▪ rStage DEFINITIONS ▪ The stage of disease describes the anatomic extent of the cancer….
OTHER NEOPLASTIC LESIONS Introduction ▪ Histologically most cases of lung cancer are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. ▪ If carcinoid and atypical carcinoid…
