Complications
Abstract Complications of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) can be classified according to timing (as acute and long-term) and according to location (cardiac coronary, cardiac noncoronary, and…
Abstract Complications of chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) can be classified according to timing (as acute and long-term) and according to location (cardiac coronary, cardiac noncoronary, and…
Abstract The retrograde approach to chronic total occlusion (CTO) crossing differs from the antegrade approach because the occlusion is approached from the distal vessel. The retrograde approach can be divided…
Abstract There are several complex subsets of chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions, such as CTOs with proximal cap ambiguity, impenetrable proximal or distal cap, flush aortoostial CTOs, ostial circumflex and…
Abstract Dissection/reentry can be achieved either in the antegrade or the retrograde direction. Antegrade dissection can be achieved using knuckled guidewires or using the CrossBoss catheter. Antegrade reentry can be…
Abstract Knowledge and application of eight basic principles and techniques are critical for safely and successfully performing chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). First, CTO PCIs should be…
Abstract The hybrid algorithm for chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention provides guidance on selection of the optimal CTO crossing strategy in a stepwise fashion. First, dual injection is…
Abstract Balloon-uncrossable chronic total occlusions (CTOs) are lesions that cannot be crossed with a balloon after successful guidewire crossing and confirmation of guidewire placement into the distal true lumen. Such…
Abstract Radiation injury can occur after chronic total occlusion intervention, hence strategies to minimize radiation exposure are critical and should be applied from the outset of the procedure. The total…
Abstract Solid commitment and passion are critical for developing a successful chronic total occlusion (CTO) intervention program. This is best achieved using a multifaceted approach, addressing four areas: (1) CTO…