Thoracic Key

Fig. 19.1 Pathophysiologic mechanisms of stress on the development of atherosclerosis. Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system and depresses the parasympathetic nervous system. This results in…

Direct effects Indirect effects Arterial vasodilatation Lowers cholesterol Improves vascular tone Decreases insulin resistance Inhibits smooth muscle proliferation Inhibits platelet aggregation Inhibits endothelial dysfunction Improves fibrinolysis and activates coagulation Facilitates…

Fig. 10.1 The initial approach to the patient with unexplained syncope Evaluation of Palpitations A 12-lead electrocardiogram is the initial evaluation for all patients with palpitations. This should be evaluated…

BP classification SBP (mmHg) DBP (mmHg) Normal <120 and <80 Prehypertension 120–139 or 80–89 Stage 1 hypertension 140–159 or 90–99 Stage 2 hypertension >160 or >100 Source: National Heart, Lung,…

Degree of stenosis (%) ICA PSV (cm/s) Plaque estimate (%) ICA/CCA PSV ratio Diagnostic accuracy (%) Normal <125 None <2.0  <50 <125 <50 <2.0 90 50–69 125–230 ≥50 2.0–4.0 40…

Fig. 2.1 The lifetime risk of hard coronary disease events, excluding angina pectoris (i.e., coronary insufficiency, myocardial infarction and coronary death) for men and women aged 40–60 years (Reprinted from…

Females Males Patent ductus arteriosus Transposition of the great arteries Secundum atrial septal defect Aortic valve stenosis Ebstein’s malformation Bicuspid aortic valve disease Atrioventricular septal defect Coarctation of the aorta…

Fig. 7.1 Percentage of women and men in the different age groups undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (Reprinted from [5]; with permission from Elsevier) Fig. 7.2 Relative mortality of women…