Valvular Heart Disease in Women
Fig. 9.1 2-D Echocardiogram parasternal long axis view of the left ventricle revealing prolapse of both the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets (white arrow) Table 9.1 Classification of the severity…
Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome on the Female Heart
Risk factor Defining level Abdominal obesity, given as waist circumference Men >102 cm (>40 in.) Women >88 cm (>35 in.) Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL HDL cholesterol Men <40 mg/dL Women <50…
Noninvasive Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease in Women
Lower prevalence of coronary artery disease Higher prevalence of non-ischaemic chest pain (microvascular abnormalities, mitral valve prolaps) Less predictive symptomatology Limited exercise tolerance due to older age at initial diagnosis…
Agent Class Gender-specific variable analysed Gender-related variances References Antiplatelets Aspirin COX-1 inhibitor Platelet reactivity in women treated with aspirin. Higher agonist-induced platelet reactivity in women Becker et al. [9] …
Fig. 3.1 From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE), the Diamond probability of coronary artery disease (open bars) compared with actual observed coronary disease…
Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension in Women
Classification EF Description I. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) ≤40 Alo referred to as systolic HF Efficacious therapies well demonstrated to date. II. Heart failure with preserved ejection…
Pharmacotherapy Considerations in Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Therapeutic Implications for Cardiovascular Disease
Non-biological Biological Drug development process Pharmacokinetics Mainly done in young male animals of well selected genetic background Body composition Weight Reductionist approach Absorption Clinical phase 1 and 2 trials mainly…
Management of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
1. Severe resting LV dysfunction (LVEF <35 %) not readily explained by noncoronary causes 2. Resting perfusion abnormalities ≥10 % of the myocardium in patients without prior history or evidence…
Invasive Therapy for Women Presenting with Acute Coronary Syndromes
Preferred strategy Patient characteristics Early Invasive Recurrent angina or ischemia at rest or with low-level activities despite intensive medical therapy Elevated cardiac biomarkers (TnT or TnI) New ST-segment depression Signs…
Effects of Hormones and Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Health in Women
Direct effects Indirect effects Arterial vasodilatation Lowers cholesterol Improves vascular tone Decreases insulin resistance Inhibits smooth muscle proliferation Inhibits platelet aggregation Inhibits endothelial dysfunction Improves fibrinolysis and activates coagulation Facilitates…
