Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Diffuse benign pulmonary disorders cover a broad range of primary lung diseases and can be associated with systemic disorders. Pathophysiology Most benign pulmonary disorders…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Physiology The basic function of the esophagus is to propagate a bolus from the oropharynx to the stomach. The coordination of esophageal muscle contractions, vagal…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen The pleura are anatomically and physiologically distinct structures. The pleural cavities are formed early during embryonic development from the intraembryonic coelom. Anatomically, the pleura are…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Twenty percent of all trauma patients sustain chest injuries. Pathophysiology Thoracic injuries, like with all traumas, can result from blunt or penetrating mechanism. Fractures…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Lung cancer is a leading cause of preventable death attributed to smoking and environmental exposure. Its highest incidence is in men but recent trends…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen The etiology and clinical manifestations of pneumonia depend on the environment where the disease is acquired and the host characteristics. Treatment of pneumonia is based…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Pulmonary complications occur in 5 to 10 percent of all surgical patients and have been shown to prolong hospital stay by 1 to 2…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology Primary tracheal tumors are rare, with an estimated 2.7 new cases diagnosed per million persons per year. The many remaining tracheal pathologies comprise heterogeneous…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Epidemiology It is estimated that two to three million patients suffer from emphysema. Pathophysiology Except for rare cases caused by enzyme deficiency, smoking is the…
Key Concepts Print Section Listen Metastatic disease to the lung is the second-most common pulmonary malignancy, affecting 20 to 54 percent of patients with cancer. A subset of patients with…
