20. Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Koufaki M, Farmakis D, Tsotinis A, Kremastinos DT. Alternative pharmacological interventions that limit myocardial infarction. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15:1304–13. 21. Xin W, Yang X, Rich…
Fig. 5.1 β-AR signaling. The major intracellular effect of the sympathetic transmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine is mediated by formation of 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), which increases the activity of the…
Fig. 4.1 Scheme of the RAAS and its inhibitors. Enzymes are in green, inhibitors are in red. Abbreviations: ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ACEi ACE inhibitors, Dri direct renin inhibitors, ARB…
Definition Notes Methods of detection [3–5] Molecular or morphological criteria lo define dead cells Loss of plasma membrane integrity Plasma membrane has broken down, resulting in the loss of cell’s…
Fig. 11.1 Human Igf1 gene alternative splicing. Different leader sequences of the Igf1 gene result in two different classes of mRNA variants; class 1 transcripts use exon 1 as leader…
Fig. 9.1 MiR formation (From Sanoudou and Kalozoumi [24] by permission) 9.2.2 MicroRNAs in Cardiac Hypertrophy Numerous studies have assessed the involvement of miRs in cardiac hypertrophy (HYP). For example,…
Fig. 1.1 Transferring knowledge from basic science to the clinical area (Reproduced from Antoniades [30] with permission) Again it must be pointed out that these are definitions given by experienced…
Fig. 14.1 HPA axis is the principal endocrine axis regulating the stress response. Stressors of different origins activate the hypothalamic CRH, which stimulates pituitary ACTH secretion and finally release of…
Fig. 8.1 Pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to vascular disease The withdrawal of NO-mediated beneficial effects on vascular function and to the formation of free radicals with proatherogenic properties. In particular, the…
Fig. 2.1 (a) Early steps in heart development. Diagrams of heart development are shown in ventral views. At the earliest stages of heart formation (cardiac crescent), two pools of cardiac…
