Predictors of Diastolic Hypertension (± Systolic Hypertension) = DBP ≥ 90 mmHg (± SBP ≥ 140 mmHg) Predictors of Isolated Systolic Hypertension = SBP ≥ 140 mmHg + DBP < 90 mmHg (wide P-P) 1. Young age 1. Older age 2. Male…
Fig. 1 Activities of endothelial cells. Vasomotor and mitogenic balance is provided by molecules secreted by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cell. These cells have several paracrine functions by…
Fig. 1 Structure of adrenomedullin. h-AM is formed by a ring structure of 52 amino acid residues held by a disulfide bond between Cys-16 and Cys-21; with a Tyr residue…
Fig. 1 Diagrammatical representation of the ascending aorta and in particular of the aortic root. (a: sinotubular junction; b: the sinuses of Valsalva; c: Ventriculo-aortic junction, also called basal ring…
Fig. 1 Prognosis of CKD by GFR and Albuminuria categories as identified by 2012 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines for evaluation and management of chronic kidney…
Fig. 1 (a) Dynamic cycle of DNA demethylation and remethylation (DNMT DNA methyltransferase, SAM S-adenosyl methionine, 5mC methylcytosine, 5hmC hydroxymethylcytosine, 5fC 5-formylcytosine, 5caC carboxylcytosine, TET ten-eleven translocation enzyme, TDG thymine-DNA…
Fig. 1 Changes of pulse wave curves with ageing. (a) carotid wave of a young patient (26 years); (b) femoral wave of a young patient (26 years); (c) carotid wave of an…
Fig. 1 RRI is measured by Doppler sonography in an intrarenal artery, as the difference between the peak systolic (PS) and end-diastolic (ED) blood velocities divided by the peak systolic…
Receptor Location Main action α α1 Postsynaptic receptor Vascular and smooth muscle contraction causing vasoconstriction and increases in blood pressure α2 Presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings. Inhibit release of noradrenaline causing…
Fig. 1 Main pharmacological effects of diuretics on the single pathophysiological factors (RAAS Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System, Red/green arrow negative/positive effect, Bidirectional flat arrow neutral effect, Quantity of upward/downward arrows:…
