Thoracic Key

Fig. 3.1 Gesell’s description of the association between atrial fibrillation and a drop in the arterial pressure Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects more than 2 million patients in the United Sates,…

Fig. 10.1 Organization of the autonomic nervous system demonstrating the key interactions involving the brain, heart, and kidney. SA sino-atrial node (Reproduced with permission from Singh et al. [159]) 10.2…

Fig. 12.1 Effects on cardiovascular and renal function due to reduced sympathetic and increased parasympathetic drive resulting from baroreflex activation. After Floras [22] The buffering action of the baroreflex on…

Fig. 8.1 Baroreflex changes with sleep in one subject. Each line represents one baroreflex sensitivity estimation. A average systolic pressure awake, both before and after sleep, S average systolic pressure…

Fig. 4.1 Scheme of autonomic innervation of the heart. The cardiac sympathetic ganglia consist of cervical ganglia, stellate ganglia, and thoracic ganglia. Parasympathetic innervation comes from the vagal nerve (Reproduced…

Fig. 7.1 Heart rate variability levels in patients with subsequent heart failure events (With permission from Ref. [10]) Subsequently, several novel HRV methods were introduced into device-based diagnostic packages, each…

Fig. 13.1 Percutaneous renal denervation procedure. Graphic of catheter tip in distal renal artery. Reproduced with permission from Ardian Inc [19]. 13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Renal Nerves The efferent…

Fig. 11.1 Neural interface approach to stimulate the vagal nerve. While monitoring heart rate through an implantable transmitter, a remote control system adjusted the intensity of electrical pulses of an…