Sex-Specific Differences in Lung Cancer
Fig. 7.1 Trends i n death rates overall and for selected sites by sex, United States, 1930–2010. (Reprinted with permission from Siegel et al. [1]) Although the risk of death…
Women and COPD
Fig. 3.1 United States Smoking Rates (1974–2009) [9] Notes: (1) A current smoker is a person who has smoked at least 100 cigarettes and who now smokes. In 1992, the…
Sex Differences in Normal Pulmonary Structure and Function at Rest and During Exercise
Fig. 1.1 Fluctuations in ovarian and anterior pituitary hormones during a 28-day menstrual cycle. During the follicular phase (day 0–14), estradiol increases. In the end of the follicular phase, estradiol…
Sex Hormone Signaling in the Lung in Health and Disease: Airways, Parenchyma, and Pulmonary Vasculature
Fig. 2.1 Simplified overview of sex hormone steroidogenesis . Synthesis of progestogens (blue), androgens (green), and estrogens (yellow) from cholesterol (red). Enzymes are shown in orange boxes. Abbreviations: 3β-HSD 3-beta-hydroxysteroid…
Sex, Gender, and Asthma
Fig. 4.1 Prevalence of asthma in females and males at various ages . Graph is adapted from Carey, M. et al. [2] Women with asthma also have increased asthma-related mortality…
Developmental Lung Disease
Fig. 9.1 Summary of stages of lung development from embryonic to postnatal life Table 9.1 Sex differences at various lung developmental stages Developmental stage Main events Airway structure development (branching…
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
Fig. 8.1 LAM diagnostic algorithm. An approach to diagnosis for women in whom LAM is suspected is presented. Open lung biopsy is the historic gold standard, though it may not…
Sex Hormones, Sex, Gender, and Pulmonary Hypertension
Type of Group 1 PAH Number of patients (% female) Ratio of females:males All patients with Group 1 PAH 2525 (79.5 %) 3.9:1 IPAH 1166 (80.3 %) 4.1:1 Drugs/Toxins-PAH 134…
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Autoimmune disease Female:Male ratio Special features Scleroderma 5:1 Computed tomography (CT) findings include nonspecific interstitial pattern (NSIP) bilateral ground-glass opacities (GGOs), with rare progression to usual Survival after diagnosis = 6–8 years…
