Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 11.1 The earliest known CPET was at the Harvard Fatigue Lab in the 1920s Currently, CPET is subdivided into noninvasive testing (niCPET), done with continuous 12-lead ECG, cuff blood…
Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Right Heart Catheterization
Definition Characteristics Clinical group(s) Pulmonary hypertension (PH) Mean PAP ≥25 mmHg All Pre-capillary PH Mean PAP ≥25 mmHg 1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension PWP ≤15 mmHg 3. PH due to lung…
Echocardiography
Fig. 9.1 (a) Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in M-mode obtained in the apical four chamber view. The distance between the end-diastolic (a) and end-systolic points (b) is the…
Schistosomiasis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 7.1 An endemic area of schistosomiasis in Northeast of Brazil, where conditions of poor sanitation favor the dissemination of the disease Fig. 7.2 Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of…
Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 16.1 Timeline of drugs approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the USA. PGI 2 prostaglandins, ERAs endothelial receptor antagonists, PDE5Is phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, sGC+ soluble guanylate cyclase…
Perioperative Management of Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 19.1 Top panel. Right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures before and after compression of the left PA in an experimental animal (swine). Changes in both the amplitude…
Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension
3.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.2 Interstitial lung disease 3.3 Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3.4 Sleep-disordered breathing 3.5 Alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3.6 Chronic exposure to…
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 6.1 Chest X-ray showing reduced vascular markings throughout left lung caused by large pulmonary embolism Transthoracic echocardiography is often the first objective indication as to the presence of elevated…
Prostacyclin Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 13.1 Survival among the 41 patients treated with epoprostenol and the 40 patients receiving conventional therapy. Data on patients who underwent transplantation during the 12-week study were censored at…
Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Heart and Lung Disease
Fig. 5.1 Group 2 pulmonary hypertension subcategories (left heart disease). Reproduced with permission [1] Table 5.1 Definitions used in the description of pulmonary hypertension Nomenclature Description Physiologic definition Hemodynamic criteria…
