Fig. 31.1 Diagrammatic representation of tetralogy of Fallot. There is VSD and obstruction to pulmonary blood flow by subpulmonary and pulmonary valve stenosis In both TOF and PA/VSD, there may…
Fig. 33.1 Schema illustrating the progressive developmental steps during formation and remodeling of the outflow tract (OFT), together with the major cell types and developmental processes involved. HT heart, AP…
Fig. 11.1 Growth factor signaling between epicardium, endocardium, and myocardium during midgestation. Details are described in the text 11.2.2 Myocardial-Endocardial Signaling The myocardium plays a strong paracrine and autocrine role…
Fig. 63.1 Polymorphic ventricular arrhythmia phenotypes in mouse model. Representative ECG recordings from wild-type and ankyrin-B± mice at baseline and following exercise and treatment with adrenergic agonist. Center recording for…
Fig. 62.1 Major cardiac ion channels and associated primary electrical disorders. Abbreviations: I current, ↑ current increase (gain-of-channel function), ↓ current decrease (loss-of-channel function), I K potassium current, I Na…
Fig. 60.1 “Final common pathway” hypothesis supplemented by intra- and intercellular signaling 60.2 Compensatory Stress Regulators in Inherited Cardiomyopathy In inherited cardiomyopathies, cellular pathology originates from the initial genetic assault;…
Fig. 57.1 Schematic representation of heart development in mice (upper row) and hypothetical depiction of factors leading to HLHS, as summarized from the literature (for references, see text). Abbreviations: OFT…
© Springer-Verlag Wien 2016Silke Rickert-Sperling, Robert G. Kelly and David J. Driscoll (eds.)Congenital Heart Diseases: The Broken Heart10.1007/978-3-7091-1883-2_56 56. Human Genetics of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Woodrow D. Benson1 (1) Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Children’s Hospital…
Fig. 55.1 Diagrammatic representation of HLHS. On the left is aortic valve atresia and on the right is mitral valve atresia. Note the hypoplastic left ventricle in both cases. Abbreviations:…
Fig. 19.1 An illustration of the location of atrial septal defects (ASD). The left panel is a pathological specimen of a normal heart with the anterior surface of the heart…
