Fig. 30.1 Schematic representation of subsequent stages of cardiac development. (a) The venous pole of the heart encompasses the sinus venosus (SV) and the atrium (A). Initially, the SV consists…
Fig. 2.1 Right anterior oblique external view of the human heart (Photographs the courtesy of Dr William Edwards) 2.1.1 Venous Return to the Heart The heart receives venous return both…
Fig. 39.1 Laterality in mutant mouse models. Ap1b1 m/m mutants can exhibit a spectrum of laterality phenotypes spanning from normal situs solitus (a), to complete mirror symmetric situs inversus (b),…
Fig. 54.1 (a) Location of the ring of musculature of the primary heart tube delineated by reaction to an antibody to the nodose ganglion of the chick. This is the…
Fig. 61.1 Cardiac diagram depicting the electrical conduction system. Normal ECG 61.2 Introduction Arrhythmias can be classified based upon the site of origin of the arrhythmia (supraventricular or ventricular), the…
Fig. 17.1 Structure of a cardiac sarcomere. Top: electron microscopy of a cardiomyocyte sarcomere (Photograph Sh. Mahmoodzadeh 2014, with permission). Bottom: schematic interpretation (from: Chapter 6 “Kontraktionsmechanismen”, Linke and Pfitzer;…
Fig. 24.1 The embryonic heart just after cardiac looping. The common atrium (CA) communicates with the left ventricle (LV) only, via the atrioventricular canal (AVC). The primary ring (PR) marks…
Fig. 51.1 The Notch receptor is present in endocardial cells prior to EMT and will bind to its ligand and release its NCID domain. This domain forms a nuclear complex…
Class Genes Transcription factor Cited2, Eya1, Foxc1, Foxc2, Gata3, Gata6, Gbx2, Hand2, Pbx1, Prdm1, Prdm3, Prrx1;Prrx2, Tbx1, Tcfap2a, Zic3 Signalling molecule Notch, Rara; Rarb, Scrib, Sema3c Growth factor Fgf8, Tgfb2,…
Fig. 43.1 Normal left coronary artery system Fig. 43.2 Normal right coronary artery system 43.2 Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery A patient with anomalous…
