Abstract Automaticity is the property of cardiac cells to initiate an impulse spontaneously, without need for prior stimulation. Triggered activity is impulse initiation in cardiac fibers caused by depolarizing oscillations…
Abstract Sinus node dysfunction (SND) refers to a wide range of abnormalities involving sinus node impulse generation and propagation, leading to the inability of the sinus node to generate heart…
Abstract Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that regulate the flow of ions passively down their electrochemical gradient across the membrane. Ion channels are present on all membranes of cells…
Abstract Cardiomyocytes maintain a difference in the concentration of ions across their membranes, resulting in a difference in the electrical charge (i.e., voltage difference) across the cell membrane, called the…
