Genetic mutations Biological functions Ref Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor region on chromosome 15q25 Cholinergic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRNA3/CHRNA5) Associations with tobacco consumption and a risk factor for lung cancer [28] Family…
Feature Asthma COPD ACOS Age of onset Usually childhood onset but can commence at any age. Usually > 40 years of age Usually age ≥40 years, but may have had symptoms in childhood or…
Fig. 8.1 Kaplan–Meier survival curves for the panel of biomarkers analyzed. Cutoff values correspond to the 95 % percentile determined in the nonsmoking control subjects included in the Evaluation of COPD…
Fig. 15.1 Changes in the level of hyperinflation and pulmonary function during recovery from exacerbation. Chest X-ray films and flow-volume loops from a patient obtained after onset of exacerbation (left)…
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017Hiroyuki Nakamura and Kazutetsu Aoshiba (eds.)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseRespiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements10.1007/978-981-10-0839-9_14 14. New Anti-inflammatory Drugs for COPD: Is There a Possibility of Developing Drugs That…
Author/year Ref Number of patients ICS dose (μg/day) Study duration Results (FEV1.0, SGRQ, risk of exacerbation, etc) Robertson et al./1986 [17] 83 BDP 1500 2 weeks FEV1: → Weir et al./1990…
Exogenous source Origin Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoke Air pollution (ozone, SO2, NO2) Polluted air Infection Bacteria/virus/fungus/protozoa Endogenous source Location Electron transport chain of mitochondria Endothelial cells Xanthine oxidase system Airway…
Adequate calories to exceed basal energy expenditure slightly Small, frequent meal Timing the main meal to corresponed to the time requiring high energy More protein and fat and less carbohydrate…
