Fig. 7.1 Potential pathways and mechanisms of tobacco smoke in the development of airway inflammation. Tobacco smoke activates macrophages and epithelial cells in the airways via the activation of Toll-like…
Fig. 12.1 Neural regulation of bronchial tone[2]. eNANC excitatory NANC, Ach acetylcholine. (Ref : Cazzola M, Pharmacol Rev 2012, 64:450–504.) 12.1.1 Cholinergic Pathway Acetylcholine (ACh) is the “classic” neurotransmitter of…
First authors of the studies and references Number of cases Number of controls Novel genes or genomic regions related to COPD Replicate genes or regions Pillai [44] 823 810 CHRNA3/CHRNA5/IREB,…
Fig. 2.1 Top 10 cause of death in the world in 2012 (World Health Organization reported COPD as top 3 cause of death in the world in 2012 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/) Fig….
Fig. 4.1 Airway structure and mucus production. The epithelial cells are composed of ciliated and secretory cells. Goblet and Clara cells are secretory cells. Secretory cells release mucus, which contains…
Fig. 1.1 Mechanisms underlying airflow limitation in COPD Fig. 1.2 Pink puffer and blue bloater (Netter illustration used with permission of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved www.netterimages.com) 1.2 Historical Transition…
Fig. 11.1 Comparison of cumulative survival rate in the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) study and the US Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT). Long-term oxygen therapy for greater than 15 h…
I Upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis II All heavy smokers and almost all males, with a mean age of 65 years III Basal crackles were found numerously and…
Fig. 6.1 The role of cellular senescence. Cellular senescence plays roles in tissue repair and carcinogenesis. SASP secreted from senescent cells stimulates the migration of phagocytic immune cells which play…
Outcome Strength of evidence Improvement of exercise performance A Dyspnea relief A Improves health-related quality of life A Reduces number of hospitalizations and days in hospital A Reduces anxiety and…
