Thoracic Key

1 Intermediate likelihood of CAD and/or risk stratification in patients with intermediate and high likelihood of CAD when  Equivocal SPECT  Unable to exercise  Able to exercise but ECG with LBBB…

Fig. 28.1 Fluoroscopic unit Images are captured using equipment that store images in a digital format where they can be displayed off line for further viewing and analysis and where…

Fig. 32.1 The Amplatzer Septal Occluder (right) and the Amplatzer PFO Occluder (left). Both devices are made of Nitinol wire mesh The Amplatzer® Sizing balloon is optional but recommended to…

Differentiation of profound hypotensive states (e.g., cardiogenic shock vs. septic shock vs. hypovolemic shock) Guidance of therapy in severe left ventricular dysfunction—“hemodynamic tailored therapy” Assessment of constrictive and restrictive physiology…

Fig. 36.1 The IABP improves the myocardial supply and demand balance by increasing myocardial perfusion during diastole and decreasing resistance to left ventricular ejection during systole (with permission from Datascope)…

Fig. 15.1 Essential equipment for pericardiocentesis Technique There are three established methods to perform pericardiocentesis (Table 15.1). The most widely used is via a subxiphoid approach; other approaches include the…

1. Use of TEE when there is a high likelihood of a nondiagnostic TTE due to patient characteristics or inadequate visualization of relevant structures 2. Evaluation for cardiovascular source of…

Fig. 29.1 Angiography (upper left) shows geometry of lesion responsible for pressure (P) and flow (Q) reductions associated with ischemia. Two lesions of the same dimension can have markedly different…

Fig. 30.1 This image shows six guiding catheters. (a) A JL-4 guiding catheter is used to engage the left coronary artery and obtain images of the left coronary system in…

Fig. 18.1 Lead vector for the three standard limb leads, the three augmented limb leads (left), and the six unipolar precordial leads Technique The patient is initially asked to lie…