Metabolic disease Diabetes mellitus Chronic kidney disease Hypogonadism Hyperprolactinemia Hypertension Obesity Metabolic Syndrome Dyslipidemia Liver, Lung and cardiovascular disease Neurologic disease Spinal Cord injury Brain injury Parkinson disease Multiple sclerosis…
Drug or strategy Major inference with respect to type 1 cardiorenal syndrome High dose loop diuretics ↑ AKI, no reduction in rehospitalization or death [2] Continuous infusions of loop diuretics…
Fig. 13.1 Diagram representing the intermediate role of arterial stiffness in chronic cardiorenal syndromes. See text for explaining separate depicted, and additional amplifying components of the triangle Arterial stiffness is…
Study Population N Male (%) Age (years) Baseline 25(OH)D (ng/mL) Follow-up (years) Exposure ([25(OH)D] in ng/mL) Outcome Association Wang et al. [10] Community-dwelling adults, no previous CVD 1,739 45 59…
Fig. 5.1 Aldosterone exerts effects in the kidney, the heart, the vasculature and on the metabolism. It binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor in various target cells to induce different effect…
Fig. 20.1 Common and commonly overlapping co-morbidities [6] Despite the subspecialisation it is vital to take into account comorbidities. For instance a reduced renal function significantly limits available treatment choices…
Molecule Molecular weight (kDa) Normal levels Concentration in advanced CKD Potential contribution to vascular injury Adiponectin 30 <11 mg/L >15 mg/L Low levels associated with vascular injury, high concentrations may…
Fig. 10.1 Pathway of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis The role of endothelial dysfunction in the progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events has been shown in several clinical studies. Endothelial dysfunction…
Study Long-term condition Design (location) Psychological distress assessment method Number of participants (n) or studies (k) Prevalence (95 % confidence intervals) Depression Moussavi et al. [29] Coronary Heart Disease Observational…
Fig. 3.1 Sudden cardiac death rate according to stage of chronic kidney disease. Rates shown as events per 1,000 patient-years and were as follows: eGFR ≥60 ml/min, 3.8 (95 %…
