The Intercalated Disc: A Focal Point for Sarcomere Growth and Disease
Fig. 3.1 (a) Changes of length and width of mouse cardiomyocytes during growth. Birth day set as 0. Data from embryonic day 8.5 (−11.5) to 4 days after birth taken…
Cardiac Cytoarchitecture: How to Maintain a Working Heart—Waste Disposal and Recycling in Cardiomyocytes
Fig. 12.1 The ubiquitin-proteasome system and steps in the ubiquitylation and degradation of cellular substrate proteins. The ubiquitin and 26S proteasome structures were adopted from Vijay-Kumar et al. (1987) and…
The M-Band: Not Just Inert Glue but Playing an Active Role in the Middle of the Sarcomere
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of a sarcomere with a scheme showing its main molecular constituents below. Myosin is represented in blue, titin in red and the M-band in purple. Dashed…
The Nuclear Envelope in Cardiac Health and Disease
Fig. 9.1 The nuclear envelope and the nuclear lamina. The nuclear envelope provides a physical barrier for nuclear compartmentalisation and a platform for communication between the nucleus and cytoskeletal domains…
Dynamics of Actin in the Heart: Defining Thin Filament Length
Fig. 4.1 Cardiac Sarcomere. The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle. The lateral boundaries of a sarcomere are defined by protein-dense Z-discs. The I-band is the region surrounding…
In Vitro Tools for Quantifying Structure–Function Relationships in Cardiac Myocyte Cells and Tissues
Fig. 2.1 The multi-scale structure of the heart. The function of the heart is dependent on its hierarchical architecture, which spans organ, tissue, cellular, and molecular levels 2.1 Structure–Function Relationships…
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase: A Metabolic Stress Sensor in the Heart
Fig. 10.1 AMPK structure. (a) AMPK domain structure of the three AMPK subunits (SID, subunit interaction domains; AID, autoinhibitory domain; CBM, carbohydrate-binding module; CBS, cystathionine-β synthase). (b) AMPK complex topology….
Cardiac Cytoarchitecture in Health and Disease
Fig. 1.1 Cardiac cytoarchitecture changes during development and in disease. Schematic representations of an embryonic cardiomyocyte (a) showing its polygonal shape, an adult cardiomyocyte (b), which is rod-shaped and a…
How Cardiac Cytoarchitecture Can Go Wrong: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy as a Paradigm for Genetic Disease of the Heart
Fig. 11.1 Schematic drawing of a cardiomyocyte with the localisation of the eight most common sarcomeric HCM disease genes in the thick and thin filament. Additionally, the localisation non-contractile proteins…
Sarcomeric Signaling
Fig. 8.1 Schematic structure of a sarcomere. Illustrated proteins are described throughout this chapter. Gray: Z-disc-associated proteins; lilac: proteins involved in mechanotransduction; brown: proteins involved in protein turnover and degradation;…
