Endomyocardial Biopsies
Scenario number Clinical scenario Class of recommendation (I, IIa, IIb, III) Level of evidence (A, B, C) 1 New-onset heart failure of <2 weeks’ duration associated with a normal-sized or…
Pericardiocentesis
Fig. 42.1 Echocardiographic four-chamber and long-axis view showing moderate pericardial effusion The urgency for drainage depends on the clinical picture, echo findings and patient history. 42.3 Indication for Pericardiocentesis These…
Vessel Embolization: Transcatheter Embolization of Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations and Aortopulmonary Collateral Arteries
Fig. 31.1 Amplatzer plug I (a). Amplatzer plug II (b). Amplatzer plug IV (c) 31.1.6.3 Techniques for Closing PAVM with Coils To date, the most common approach to closing PAVM…
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
where ΔP is the pressure gradient and V is the peak Doppler flow velocity in the main pulmonary artery. However, the peak instantaneous Doppler gradient may overestimate the peak-to-peak catheter…
Unusual Access
Fig. 12.1 Ultrasound-guided puncture: Right axillary arterial access with ultrasound-guided puncture for ductal stenting of a complex ductus-dependent defect in a 3-day-old infant with a BW of 2.9 kg. A…
Imaging and Treating Coronary Arteries in Children
Fig. 46.1 Coronary rotational ablation in Kawasaki disease. (a) Before the intervention, (b) rotational ablation, and (c) post-rotational ablation. Coronary stenosis is completely resolved Fig. 46.2 Long-term outcome after catheter…
Retrieval Techniques
Fig. 41.1 A multiple coaxial system, formed by a snare, a guiding catheter, and a large valved sheath. The maneuverability and orientation of a guiding catheter to direct the snare…
Percutaneous Transcatheter Balloon Mitral Commissurotomy
Indication Class Symptomatic patients with favorable characteristicsa for PTMC I Symptomatic patients with contraindication or high risk for surgery I As initial treatment in symptomatic patients with unfavorable anatomy but…
Aortic Valvular Stenosis
Fig. 17.1 The aortic valve annulus is measured by aortography in posterior-anterior projection. The double-headed arrow indicates the aortic annulus diameter between the hinge points of the valve leaflets Fig….
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Stenting in Duct-dependent Systemic Circulation
Fig. 25.1 Echocardiography evaluation of duct morphology, in terms of its length and width and its relationship to the descending aortic arch Fig. 25.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to analyze…
