Fig. 15.1 Pathophysiology of hypertension and heart failure. Schematic of the progression from hypertension to LVH to the clinical syndrome of heart failure. (a) The exact mechanisms that determine LV…
Fig. 8.1 Schematic representation of the impact of Bmal1 and Cry1/Cry2 on the circadian variations in blood pressure in mice. (a) Normal situation, (b) Bmal1 knockout mice, (c) Cry1/Cry2 knockout…
Fig. 14.1 Prevalence of dipping patterns according to stage of chronic kidney disease. Classifications defined in terms of the sleep-time relative SBP decline: ≥20 % (extreme-dipper), 10–20 % (dipper), 0–10…
Office BP average Not elevated above threshold Elevated above threshold Out-of-office BP average Not elevated above threshold Sustained (“true”) normotension White coat hypertension Elevated above threshold Masked hypertension Sustained…
Normal values for ambulatory blood pressure (mmHg) for boys by height Height (cm) 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 24-h DSBP BP…
Year BHS (only) BHS + AAMI AAMI (only) BHS (all) AAMI (all) ESH-IP Total 2000 2 (20 %) 4 (40 %) 0 (0 %) 6 (60 %) 4 (40 %)…
Classification Normal White coat hypertensiona Sustained hypertension Location Clinic Pressures Normal High High <140/90 mmHg ≥140/90 mmHg ≥140/90 mmHg Daytime ABPM or Home BP Normal Normal High <135/85 mmHg <135/85…
Manual Mercury sphygmomanometer Aneroid sphygmomanometer Semi-automated Home BP recorders adopted for office use Fully automated BpTRU Omron HEM-907 Microlife WatchBP Office In what is probably the single most important development…
Observational studies 1. For each 10 mmHg lower SBP equates to approximately 1/3 less stroke in 60–79 year olds 2. The association is continuous down to at least blood pressure…
Exogenous day–night cycles • Light: bright daytime/dark nighttime • Sound: noisy daytime/quiet nighttime • Posture: erect daytime/supine nighttime • Physical activity and exertion: high daytime/low or nil nighttime • Arousal,…
