Fig. 2.1 Main inflammatory mechanisms participating in atherosclerotic lesion initiation, progression, and plaque destabilization and rupture Fig. 2.2 Vascular and immune inflammatory cells that participate in atherosclerosis and main molecular…
Fig. 7.1 Role of hypothalamic neuroinflammation in metabolic disorders. In the context of chronic overnutrition, there is an activation of the IKKβ/NF-κB pro-inflammatory pathway, mainly produced by an oxidative stress,…
Fig. 3.1 Hypothesis of dysregulated inflammatory/stress/metabolic interaction mechanisms in metabolic syndrome. MS metabolic syndrome, CRP C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, NA noradrenaline, eHsp72 72 kDa extracellular heat shock protein Local Inflammatory…
Fig. 1.1 Global cardiovascular/cardiometabolic risk factors (RFs), including the established Framingham Risk Score RFs and the emergent metabolic syndrome RFs related with obesity and inflammation Established vs. Emergent Biomarkers: Experimental…
Minutes Energy failure Excitotoxicity Increase in intracellular Ca2+, Na+, Cl− Peri-infarct depolarization Diffusion of glutamate and K+ in the extracellular space Cell swelling Hours Generation of reactive oxygen species Oxidative…
MI Stroke Risk ratio (95 % CI) Risk ratio (95 % CI) SLE 2.25 (1.37–3.68) 2.29 (0.85–6.15) RA 2.10 (1.52–2.89) 1.91 (1.73–2.12) SSc 1.82 (1.40–2.36) 1.43 (1.12–1.83) Systemic vasculitis…
Markers of kidney damage (one or more) Albuminuria Urine sediment abnormalities Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders Abnormalities detected by histology Structural abnormalities detected by imaging History of…
