Thoracic Key

The atrial septation starts with the development of septum primum, which is followed by the formation of septum secundum. Subsequently, both septae fuse and thus form the interatrial septum. This…

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are very common and account for approximately 20%–30% of congenital heart defects, often as part of complex lesions. From the anatomical point of view, the interventricular…

Historically, there have been two main schools of nomenclature of congenital heart defects, the foundations of which were laid in parallel by Robert Anderson from the United Kingdom and by…