Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathy is an umbrella term for a group of myocardial disorders characterized by a structural and functional abnormality of the heart muscle, which is not secondary to other causes such…
Mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation
Mechanical circulatory support Despite recent progress in medical therapy, children with end-stage heart failure have limited treatment options. Mechanical circulatory support is used as a bridge to heart transplantation or…
Common genetic disorders associated with heart disease
Echocardiographic screening in patients with genetic disease plays an important role in daily practice. Early detection of possible cardiac complications is essential and enables prompt treatment. Some disorders have very…
Infective endocarditis (IE)
The term infective endocarditis (IE) refers to an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, affecting the cardiac valves, mural endocardium, and septal defects. In most cases, the infection…
Diseases of the left ventricular outflow tract
The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) consists of three parts, i.e., the subvalvar, valvar, and supravalvar component. Obstruction to the blood flow can occur at any level but is most…
Normal transthoracic echocardiogram in a child
Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of congenital and acquired heart conditions in children. It allows a detailed morphological and functional examination of different cardiac structures….
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA)
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) is a rare cardiac defect characterized by discordance at the atrio-ventricular and ventriculo-arterial level. This is due to an abnormal, leftward looping…
Diseases of the tricuspid valve
Diseases of the tricuspid valve form a wide range of anomalies that range from benign to critical conditions. Some of these malformations are unsuitable for the creation of a biventricular…
Atrio-ventricular septal defects (AVSDs)
The term “defects of the atrio-ventricular septum” (AVSDs) refers to a variety of cardiac anomalies characterized by the presence of a common atrio-ventricular (AV) junction . This key morphological feature…
Diseases of the mitral valve
The mitral valve is a complex structure that consists of several components, each of which plays a fundamental role in its function. These include the mitral annulus, anterior and posterior…
