Functionally single ventricle
Functionally single ventricle is an umbrella term for a group of severe congenital heart defects that are not suitable for the creation of a biventricular circulation and that can only…
Pulmonary and systemic venous anomalies
Disorders resulting from abnormal development of the pulmonary and systemic veins include a number of conditions with different clinical symptomatology. Some of them are benign and do not necessitate any…
Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathy is an umbrella term for a group of myocardial disorders characterized by a structural and functional abnormality of the heart muscle, which is not secondary to other causes such…
Mechanical circulatory support and heart transplantation
Mechanical circulatory support Despite recent progress in medical therapy, children with end-stage heart failure have limited treatment options. Mechanical circulatory support is used as a bridge to heart transplantation or…
Common genetic disorders associated with heart disease
Echocardiographic screening in patients with genetic disease plays an important role in daily practice. Early detection of possible cardiac complications is essential and enables prompt treatment. Some disorders have very…
Pericardial disease
The pericardium is a double-layered fibroelastic sac that surrounds the heart and the roots of the great vessels. Under normal circumstances, the pericardial cavity is filled with a small amount…
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined by a resting mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥25 mmHg (as measured by cardiac catheterization). PH occurs in a wide range of conditions, which include idiopathic PH,…
Cardiac tumors
In children, most cases of primary heart tumors are benign, while malignant lesions are rare. The most common tumors in childhood include cardiac rhabdomyoma and fibroma . Cardiac myxoma is…
Congenital coronary artery abnormalities
Congenital coronary artery abnormalities are often difficult to diagnose on echocardiography due to the size of the coronary arteries, especially in small children. Patients with anomalous left coronary artery from…
Infective endocarditis (IE)
The term infective endocarditis (IE) refers to an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, affecting the cardiac valves, mural endocardium, and septal defects. In most cases, the infection…
