, Cesare Cuspidi2 and Sverre E. Kjeldsen3, 4 (1) University of Milano Bicocca–IRCCS Istituto Auxologico, Italiano, Milan, Italy (2) University of Milano-Bicocca – Dept. of Health Sciences-IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano Centro Ricerche Cliniche,…
Fig. 3.1 Assessment of global LV volume Importantly, reference values for 3D echocardiography-derived LV volumes and LVEF have been published from a large cohort of subjects free of cardiovascular disease,…
Fig. 10.1 Blood pressure drop in the vascular bed, from large, conductance arteries to veins (Redrawn from Ref. [1]). MAP mean arterial pressure, VP venous pressure In the different forms…
Fig. 8.1 Human carotid plaques stained histologically for neutral lipids (seen in red, Oil Red O). (a) A stable plaque with a thick cap and low lipid content. (b) An…
Fig. 9.1 Layout of post-processing of a contrast-enhanced CT with synchronised axial, 3-D rendering imaging, sagittal and coronal multi-planar reconstructions (clockwise) Fig. 9.2 Post-processing of a contrast-enhanced CT scan of…
Fig. 4.1 Examples of ultrasound image (a) and of echo-tracking radio-frequency image (b) of the carotid vessels The normal IMT values are influenced by age and sex. IMT normal values…
Grade Features 1 Mild generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing 2 Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping 3 Signs of grade 2 retinopathy plus retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and cotton wool spots 4…
Amplitude First author of study Year of study publication Limb lead voltage (R I–S I) + (S III–R III) >16 mm Lewis 1914 R I + S III >25 mm Gubner 1943 R…
Fig. 18.1 Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (Copyright Z. Nasreddine MD. Reproduced with permission. Copies are available at www.mocatest.org) The MoCA test showed excellent sensitivity and specificity in identifying VCI and…
White matter hyperintensity Cerebral microbleeds Recent small subcortical infarct Lacunes Dilated perivascular space Usual diameter Variable ≤10 mm ≤20 mm 3–15 mm ≤2 mm Comment Located in the white…
