Systemic Vasculitides
Fig. 18.1 Giant cell arteritis. (a) Low-power photomicrograph of aortitis due to giant cell arteritis with large-vessel involvement. In the middle of the aortic media (arrows) is a band of…
Arteriosclerosis/Large Artery Disease
Arteriosclerosis Atherosclerosis Stiffens aorta Little effect Dilates aorta Occludes Media Intima Diffuse Focal Age and blood pressure Cholesterol and smoking Cushion function Conduit function The key functions of the arterial…
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 1. Idiopathic PAH 2. Heritable PAH 1.2.1 BMPR2 1.2.2 ALK-1, ENG, SMAD9, CAV1, KCNK3 1.2.3 Unknown 1.3 Drug and toxin induced 1.4 Associated with 1.4.1…
Arterial Alterations in Hypertension
Fig. 20.1 Blood pressure curve in the ascending aorta with its forward and backward components. Augmentation pressure is the difference between systolic blood pressure and the peak of the forward…
Doppler-Based Renal Resistive Index: Clinical and Prognostic Significance
Fig. 27.1 Results of a renal colour-Doppler ultrasonography showing renal vascularization (a). RI measurement using pulsed-wave Doppler (b) Table 27.1 Colour-Doppler for a semi-quantitative evaluation of intrarenal vascularisation [1] Stage…
Pharmacologic and Environmental Factors: Coffee, Smoking, and Sodium
Fig. 13.1 Changes in brachial and aortic blood pressures, corrected augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity at 5, 10, and 15 min after smoking one cigarette in healthy smokers and…
Overview of the Normal Structure and Function of the Macrocirculation and Microcirculation
Fig. 2.1 Illustration showing the three components of LV “afterload” and their measurements. The non-pulsatile or static component is total peripheral resistance or mean arterial pressure and the dynamic or…
Neurohormonal Interactions
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Angiotensin II Natriuretic peptides Arginine-vasopressin Kinin-kallikrein system Catecholamines Medullipine system Endothelin Adrenomedullin Prostaglandins Estrogens Insulin Nitric Oxide 10.2.1 Renin-Angiotensin System The systemic renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is central to…
Retinal Circulation in Arterial Disease
Keith-Wagener-Barker classification Simplified (Wong-Mitchell) classification Grade Features Grade Features 1 Mild generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing None No detectable signs 2 Definite focal narrowing and arteriovenous nipping Mild Generalized arteriolar narrowing,…
Marfan Syndrome and Related Heritable Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections
Fig. 19.1 Main clinical features of Marfan syndrome. (a) Aortic root dilatation; (b) ectopia lentis; (c) skeletal abnormalities In the absence of a family history of MFS, the diagnosis is…
