Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Three-Dimensional Echocardiography

Introduction Appreciation of complex intracardiac anatomy and spatial relationships is inherent to the diagnosis of congenitally malformed hearts. Until recently, the ability of the clinician to image the heart by…

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Prematurity and Cardiac Disease

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Prematurity and Cardiac Disease

On average, up to 12% of liveborn infants in the developed world are born prior to term. These rates have increased as a consequence of assisted reproductive technology and earlier…

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Prevalence of Congenital Cardiac Disease

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Prevalence of Congenital Cardiac Disease

Introduction Examination of the frequency of congenital cardiac disease, either as a rate or as a proportion, has important implications for the study of congenital cardiac malformations, as well as…

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The Placenta in Congenital Heart Disease

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on The Placenta in Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction The placenta is one of the most important and least understood organs in the human body. It is a complex, highly organized structure that—amazingly—can be grown, discarded, and fully…

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Physiology of the Developing Heart

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Physiology of the Developing Heart

Introduction The heart is the first organ to become fully functional in the developing embryo, providing the circulatory system necessary for embryogenesis and subsequent fetal development when growth cannot be…

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Embryology of the Heart

Jan 19, 2020 by in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Embryology of the Heart

Introduction From the functional point of view, the heart is simply a specialized part of the vascular system. Nonetheless, development of the heart as a specialized pump is of great…

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