Thoracic Key

Among patients with chronic heart failure (HF), it is known that soluble concentrations of the interleukin receptor family member ST2 (sST2) are prognostic for adverse outcome, including risk for progression…

Biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases are indispensable tools for diagnosis and prognosis, and the use of several biomarkers is now considered the standard of care. New markers continue to be developed, but…

To further explore the potential role of sST2 in the progression of cardiac disease, this section reviews both the associations with cross-sectional findings and longitudinal changes in cardiac structure and…

Despite important progress in recent decades, mortality remains high for patients with chronic heart failure. Risk stratification may be refined by the use of biomarkers for different pathophysiological processes that…

In recent years, numerous studies have focused on the use of soluble ST2 (sST2) as a clinical biomarker for cardiovascular disease. However, much preclinical data points to involvement of the…

Most data on heart failure biomarkers have been derived from patient cohorts with chronic disease. However, risk prediction in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains a challenge….

Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2, also known as interleukin [IL]-1 receptor–like-1) is an IL-1 receptor family member with transmembrane (ST2L) and soluble isoforms (sST2). ST2L is a membrane-bound receptor, and…

ST2 is a member of the interleukin (IL) 1 receptor family that exists in 2 forms, a transmembrane receptor (ST2L) and a soluble receptor (sST2). The ligand of ST2 is…

Biomarkers, particularly natriuretic peptides (NP), complement clinical assessment in patients with heart failure (HF) and may serve as a target level to aid titration of treatment. NP levels that decrease…