Type Cause Respiratory drive  Pharmacological Drug overdose, anesthesia  Congenital Central hypoventilation syndrome  Acquired Cerebrovascular accident Neuromuscular  Cervical spinal cord injury Trauma  Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Guillain–Barré syndrome  Anterior horn disease…

Fig. 27.1 Bronchial sequelae of a foreign body. Anteroposterior chest x-ray of a 5-year-old child presenting with chronic atelectasis in the left inferior lobe (a). Axial CT scan of the chest,…

Fig. 43.1 Ciliary structure Fig. 43.2 Normal cilia. Cross section of normal cilium and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate. ×100,000 Ciliary Function A cylindrical pseudostratified mucosa…

Fig. 42.1 Inhalation technique using salbutamol (MDI) and spacer with mouthpiece Fig. 42.2 MDI and spacer with mask inhalation technique. The spacer must be placed in the child’s face in…

Fig. 52.1 Physiopathology of sickle cell anemia. (Source: Adapted from Rees DC et al. Lancet. 2010;376:218–222) Vaso-occlusive crises are caused by erythrocyte and leukocyte entrapment in the microcirculation, originating vascular…

Etiology Bacterial Viral  Mycoplasma Age Any <2 years  5–15 years Season All year Winter  All year Presentation Sudden Variable  Insidious Fever High Variable  Low Tachypnea Common Common  Infrequent Coughing + ++  +++…

Fig. 18.1 Anatomy of cough Etiology Key Concepts 1. The causes of chronic cough in children and adults are different, and within pediatrics they can differ among infants, preschool children,…

Fig. 44.1 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and protein From the functional aspect, mutations are grouped in five classes (I–V). Most of these cause complete channel failure, whether…

Patient age Respiratory rate (respirations per minute) Newborn >60 2–12 months >50 1–5 years >40 Respiration Control Mechanisms Respiration begins in the nervous system by means of centers located in the brain…

Fig. 35.1 Tberculosis clinical manifestations Pulmonary Presentations Pulmonary Infection or Classic Primary Complex This presentation is the most common one (90%) and appears in a self-limited form. By having nonspecific…