Anesthesia for Bronchoscopy
Preliminary medication Pethidine hydrochloride (Opystan®) 35 mg/1 mL is injected intravenously at the following doses: Weight >50 kg → 0.5 mL Weight ≤50 kg → 0.25 mL Age >80 years…
RESPIRATORY
The Dose and Risk Factors for Radiation Exposure from X-Ray Fluoroscopy During EBUS-GS for Peripheral Pulmonary Lesions
Fig. 22.1 Radiation analyzer Fig. 22.2 The members of the medical staff as they perform bronchoscopy 22.2 Results Table 22.1 shows the results of the measurements. The median radiation exposure…
Pathogenesis of Comorbidities in COPD: By What Mechanism Does Long-Term Smoking Cause Systemic Inflammation?
Fig. 7.1 Potential pathways and mechanisms of tobacco smoke in the development of airway inflammation. Tobacco smoke activates macrophages and epithelial cells in the airways via the activation of Toll-like…
Bronchodilators for COPD: At What Stage Should Therapeutic Intervention Be Initiated?
Fig. 12.1 Neural regulation of bronchial tone[2]. eNANC excitatory NANC, Ach acetylcholine. (Ref : Cazzola M, Pharmacol Rev 2012, 64:450–504.) 12.1.1 Cholinergic Pathway Acetylcholine (ACh) is the “classic” neurotransmitter of…
Genetic Predisposition to COPD: Are There Any Relevant Genes Determining the Susceptibility to Smoking?
First authors of the studies and references Number of cases Number of controls Novel genes or genomic regions related to COPD Replicate genes or regions Pillai [44] 823 810 CHRNA3/CHRNA5/IREB,…
Epidemiology of COPD: Why Is the Disease So Poorly Recognized?
Fig. 2.1 Top 10 cause of death in the world in 2012 (World Health Organization reported COPD as top 3 cause of death in the world in 2012 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/) Fig….
Definition of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Is the Latest GOLD Classification of Severity Still Valid?
Fig. 1.1 Mechanisms underlying airflow limitation in COPD Fig. 1.2 Pink puffer and blue bloater (Netter illustration used with permission of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved www.netterimages.com) 1.2 Historical Transition…
Pathogenesis of COPD (Persistence of Airway Inflammation): Why Does Airway Inflammation Persist After Cessation of Smoking?
Fig. 4.1 Airway structure and mucus production. The epithelial cells are composed of ciliated and secretory cells. Goblet and Clara cells are secretory cells. Secretory cells release mucus, which contains…
Long-Term Oxygen Therapy (or Home Oxygen Therapy) for COPD: The Present State and Future Problems
Fig. 11.1 Comparison of cumulative survival rate in the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) study and the US Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial (NOTT). Long-term oxygen therapy for greater than 15 h…
Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema (CPFE): Which Symptom, Fibrosis or Emphysema, Should Be Treated Preferentially? Or Should Both Be Treated Simultaneously?
I Upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis II All heavy smokers and almost all males, with a mean age of 65 years III Basal crackles were found numerously and…
