Photodynamic Therapy Introduction The advent of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was one of the early advances in interventional pulmonology that elevated therapeutic bronchoscopy into the curative arena. First used by Hayata…

Introduction Rapid ablative techniques refer to various thermal therapies used to treat endobronchial diseases which have their effect almost immediately. They include laser, electrocautery, and argon plasma coagulation (APC). They…

Introduction Transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) is a relatively new technique in the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD). The basic rationale for development of TBCB is based on the inferiority…

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Rigid Bronchoscopy Background Rigid bronchoscopy has seen a recent resurgence, primarily for therapeutic indications, in management of patients with complex airway disorders. The rigid bronchoscope owes its conceptualization to Gustav…

Introduction Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) utilizes an electromagnetic field created around the patient to detect and display spatially tracked devices within the magnetic field superimposed over the three-dimensional (3D) virtual…

Introduction Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (rEBUS) is a small ultrasound probe placed through the working channel of a bronchoscope used to locate peripheral lung abnormalities, such as pulmonary nodules. The…

Introduction In 2002, a new bronchoscope was developed by integrating a convex-type ultrasound probe on its tip and introduced into clinical practice. The convex probe endobronchial ultrasound (CP-EBUS), also known…