Fig. 9.1 (a) Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in M-mode obtained in the apical four chamber view. The distance between the end-diastolic (a) and end-systolic points (b) is the…

Fig. 7.1 An endemic area of schistosomiasis in Northeast of Brazil, where conditions of poor sanitation favor the dissemination of the disease Fig. 7.2 Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of…

Fig. 16.1 Timeline of drugs approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the USA. PGI 2 prostaglandins, ERAs endothelial receptor antagonists, PDE5Is phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, sGC+ soluble guanylate cyclase…

Fig. 19.1 Top panel. Right ventricular (RV) and pulmonary arterial (PA) pressures before and after compression of the left PA in an experimental animal (swine). Changes in both the amplitude…

3.1 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.2 Interstitial lung disease 3.3 Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern 3.4 Sleep-disordered breathing 3.5 Alveolar hypoventilation disorders 3.6 Chronic exposure to…

Fig. 6.1 Chest X-ray showing reduced vascular markings throughout left lung caused by large pulmonary embolism Transthoracic echocardiography is often the first objective indication as to the presence of elevated…

Fig. 13.1 Survival among the 41 patients treated with epoprostenol and the 40 patients receiving conventional therapy. Data on patients who underwent transplantation during the 12-week study were censored at…

Fig. 5.1 Group 2 pulmonary hypertension subcategories (left heart disease). Reproduced with permission [1] Table 5.1 Definitions used in the description of pulmonary hypertension Nomenclature Description Physiologic definition Hemodynamic criteria…

Fig. 15.1 Vascular synthesis of cGMP. Cyclic GMP can be synthesised by two distinct mechanisms: NO-stimulated sGC activity and natriuretic peptide-triggered pGC turnover. Therapeutically, sGC-mediated cGMP generation can be recapitulated…

Fig. 1.1 A reproduction of Galen’s scheme. In Galen’s schema, the venous, arterial, and nervous systems, with the liver, heart, and brain as their respective centers, were separate, and each…