Lead Extraction Munish Kannabhiran Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY The use of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has increased dramatically over the last few decades, with almost 1.2 to…

Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers Carlos Macias INTRODUCTION The history of cardiac implantable electrical devices (CIEDs), and specifically cardiac pacemakers indicated for the management of bradyarrhythmias, dates back 60 years to the…

Sudden Cardiac Arrest Yuliya Krokhaleva Marmar Vaseghi INTRODUCTION Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is defined as the cessation of all mechanical activity of the heart resulting in the absence of circulation…

Syncope Humberto Butzke da Motta Olujimi A. Ajijola INTRODUCTION Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) and loss of postural tone because of cerebral hypoperfusion. It is…

Catheter Ablation Therapy Darshan Krishnappa Kalyanam Shivkumar INTRODUCTION Cardiac rhythm disorders are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality occurring in 2% to 3% of the general population, with the…

Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Jonathan Lerner Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION Since the first implant in 1980, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1985, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have become the mainstay…

Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter Aron Bender Joseph Hadaya Peyman Benharash Eric Buch Richard J. Shemin INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered clinically, and is a…

Antiarrhythmic Drugs Aadhavi Sridharan Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION Antiarrhythmic drugs are pharmacologic agents that primarily affect specific ion channel activity, thereby altering membrane conductance and ultimately the cardiac action potential….

Ventricular Tachycardia Justin Hayase Jason S. Bradfield INTRODUCTION Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death that is estimated to affect between 230,000 and 350,000 people in…

Supraventricular Tachycardias Roberto G. Gallotti Kevin M. Shannon Jeremy P. Moore INTRODUCTION Epidemiology and Risk Factors Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a general term that is used to describe any arrhythmia…