Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Jonathan Lerner Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION Since the first implant in 1980, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1985, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have become the mainstay…
Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter Aron Bender Joseph Hadaya Peyman Benharash Eric Buch Richard J. Shemin INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered clinically, and is a…
Antiarrhythmic Drugs Aadhavi Sridharan Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION Antiarrhythmic drugs are pharmacologic agents that primarily affect specific ion channel activity, thereby altering membrane conductance and ultimately the cardiac action potential….
Ventricular Tachycardia Justin Hayase Jason S. Bradfield INTRODUCTION Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of sudden cardiac death that is estimated to affect between 230,000 and 350,000 people in…
Supraventricular Tachycardias Roberto G. Gallotti Kevin M. Shannon Jeremy P. Moore INTRODUCTION Epidemiology and Risk Factors Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a general term that is used to describe any arrhythmia…
Electrophysiology Testing Duc H. Do Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION An electrophysiology (EP) test (study) is a minimally invasive procedure where electrode-tipped catheters are placed into the heart to record electrical…
Bradycardias: Sinus Node Dysfunction and Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances Osamu Fujimura† Houman Khakpour †Deceased author. INTRODUCTION Bradycardia is generally defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute (bpm)…
the Electrocardiogram Duc H. Do Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the main diagnostic tools of the clinician, whether in the clinic, emergency department, or hospital….
Ambulatory Rhythm Monitoring Kevin Sung Justin Hayase Jason S. Bradfield INTRODUCTION Ambulatory monitoring is a diagnostic tool performed in the outpatient setting to evaluate symptomatic patients for cardiac arrhythmias, risk…
Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias Peter Hanna Kalyanam Shivkumar James N. Weiss INTRODUCTION For several billion heartbeats in a lifetime, electromechanical coupling ensures normal electrical activity, and activates working myocardium to…
