Introduction The postoperative course of patients with infective endocarditis is marked by relatively high mortality, with increased risk of severe complications leading to prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital…
Introduction In-hospital mortality for patients with infective endocarditis (managed medically and/or surgically) remains high, ranging from 10% to 20% [ ]. At 6 months, nearly 30% of patients will have…
Introduction Incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) continues to increase, with an estimated 15 cases per 100,000 people in the United States in 2018. Gram-positive cocci are most frequently the source…
Epidemiology Introduction The clinical features of infective endocarditis were first described in the 16th century by Jean François Fernel, a French physician who first introduced the term ‘physiology’ to describe…
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a rare disease but with devastating consequences. In-hospital mortality rates of left-sided endocarditis are around 20%, and 5-year mortality rates are up to 40% despite the…
Introduction With significant changes to the epidemiology of infective endocarditis (IE) in recent years, it is important to highlight which pathogens are the major causes of this disease. In the…
Introduction The diagnosis of infectious endocarditis is quite often complex and may be among the most challenging diagnoses facing today’s medical providers. Patients can present with a multitude of clinical…
Clinical Applications of Diastology Gregory Mints 1. In Figure 50.1, what is being measured in this zoomed-in apical four-chamber view with a focus on the mitral valve (MV) from a…
Mitral Valvular Disease Gregory Mints 1. A 92-year-old man presents to the emergency room with fatigue, confusion, and shortness of breath. His accompanying friend reports the history of “heart failure”…
Abdominal Vascular Ultrasound Elaine Y. Gee 1. A 92-year-old man has a known 4.5 cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. You decide to practice your abdominal vascular ultrasound and obtain the…
