Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Effect of Lifestyle Interventions on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

In the United States and worldwide, the prevalence of high cholesterol, hypertension, and cigarette smoking together with age-adjusted cardiovascular (CV) deaths have declined over the last several decades. On the…

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Treatment of Patients With Reduced and With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Treatment of Patients With Reduced and With Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

DEFINITION Heart failure (HF) is not a singular pathological condition but rather a clinical syndrome characterized by current or prior symptoms and/or signs resulting from structural and/or functional cardiac abnormalities….

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Effect of Antithrombotic Therapy on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in People With Diabetes Mellitus

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Effect of Antithrombotic Therapy on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in People With Diabetes Mellitus

Platelets play a central role in the pathobiology of atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. Therefore therapies that are directed toward platelet inhibition are widely used in patients with established coronary heart disease…

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Effect of Glucose Management on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Effect of Glucose Management on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common vascular complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, CHD can precede the development of diabetes, and some have suggested that both conditions…

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Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Epidemiology of Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Key Points • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with approximately a 2–4 times higher risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and heart failure. These conditions…

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Regulatory Approach to Medications for Type 2 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Regulatory Approach to Medications for Type 2 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future

INTRODUCTION Improved glucose control improves clinical outcomes in all patients with diabetes, including those affected by type 2 diabetes. The surrogate endpoint for glucose control is hemoglobin A1c (A1c), a…

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Cardiovascular and Kidney Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Cardiovascular and Kidney Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter Inhibitors

OVERVIEW OF MECHANISM OF ACTION The sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT)-2 inhibitors are glucose-lowering agents initially approved for use in patients with type 2 diabetes. They exert their antihyperglycemic effects through the…

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Antihyperglycemic Medications With Proven Cardiovascular Safety

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Antihyperglycemic Medications With Proven Cardiovascular Safety

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS USED IN TYPE 2 DIABETES Clinical research in type 2 diabetes was historically focused upon interventions designed to achieve ever-tighter degrees of glycemic control. One…

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Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Heart Failure With Preserved and With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Heart Failure With Preserved and With Reduced Ejection Fraction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Key Points • Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with an approximately twofold increased risk of heart failure, affecting both HFPEF and HFREF • Heart failure risk increases with longer…

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Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

May 17, 2026 by drzezo in CARDIOLOGY Comments Off on Lifestyle Interventions for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

INTRODUCTION This chapter will principally focus on the evidence base for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which has developed exponentially over the last two decades, from efficacy…

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