Key Points 1. The portability, ease of use, and rapid diagnostic capability of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) make it the diagnostic modality of choice during acute hemodynamic instability. 2. Qualitative analysis…

Key Points 1. Excellent cardiac and hemodynamic management is essential to achieving good outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly those undergoing high-risk noncardiac surgery. 2. Much cardiovascular information can…

Key Points 1. Because of successes in treating congenital cardiac lesions, there are currently as many as or more adults than children with congenital heart disease (CHD). 2. Noncardiac anesthesiologists…

Key Points 1. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement is frequently performed, with a substantial number of patients requiring subsequent noncardiac surgery (NCS). 2. Three types of stents are…

Key Points 1. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease with a high degree of morbidity and mortality for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. 2. PH, although having several classification schemes,…

Key Points 1. Cardiac transplant is the definitive treatment of advanced heart failure and has demonstrated improving outcomes and long-term survival. 2. The transplanted heart receives no neural modulatory signal…

Key Points 1. Regardless of the level of complexity or invasiveness of the planned procedure, the perioperative considerations and the anesthetic approach to left ventricular assist device (LVAD)–supported patients are…

Key Points 1. Preoperative assessment of the cardiac patient undergoing noncardiac surgery includes risk assessment for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). 2. Categorizing risk for MACEs is dependent on patient…

Key Points 1. Perioperative triage should determine whether cardiac patients receive outpatient surgery, routine inpatient care, or critical care services. 2. Advanced hemodynamic monitoring may be required in high-risk patients…