Key Points 1. Cardiac patients presenting for emergency noncardiac surgery have higher risk for perioperative morbidity and mortality. Emergency surgeries are associated with two to five times the risk of…
Key Points 1. Patients who present for cerebrovascular, aortic, or peripheral arterial interventions are at elevated risk for concomitant coronary artery disease. 2. A thorough preoperative assessment for cardiovascular disease…
Key Points 1. The rate of maternal heart disease is increasing and complicates up to 4% of pregnancies. It is a leading cause of maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and…
Key Points 1. Cerebrovascular accidents are some of the most significant perioperative complications because they increase long-term disability, hospital length of stay, and mortality. 2. Recent stroke is associated with…
Key Points 1. Cardiomyopathy and ischemic coronary artery disease are the most common cardiac conditions in liver transplant candidates. 2. There are no clear recommendations for the assessment of cardiac…
Key Points 1. The postanesthesia care unit (PACU) is a specialized unit designed to monitor for early postanesthesia and surgical adverse events. 2. Early cardiac decline after noncardiac surgery requires…
Key Points 1. Tachyarrhythmias result from one of three mechanisms (reentry, automaticity, and triggered activity), with reentry being the mechanism most commonly treated in the electrophysiology (EP) laboratory. 2. Anesthetic…
Key Points 1. With monitored anesthesia care, the stress response to surgery may not be adequately blocked, and the resulting tachycardia may aggravate the patient’s underlying cardiac disease. 2. A…
Key Points 1. Active fixation leads can penetrate through structures (e.g., the thin-walled right atrium) during placement and present as pain, pneumomediastinum, or effusions. 2. Active rate modulation in cardiac…
Key Points 1. Intraoperative hemodynamic instability may be associated with increased cardiovascular complications and represents one of the most common findings associated with mortality. 2. Phenylephrine can be used for…
