Introduction Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) is a less invasive treatment option for patients with suitable anatomy for device closure and those who are considered to be high-risk…

Atrial septal defect Indications Device closure of an atrial septal defect (ASD) is indicated for patients with secundum defects less than 38 mm in diameter, who have evidence of right…

Introduction Patients with symptomatic severe mitral valve disease due to severe mitral annular calcification (MAC) are often elderly with multiple comorbidities and have a high risk of cardiovascular death. Their…

Introduction Paravalvular prosthetic leak (PVL) occurs in 6% to 15% of surgical prosthetic valves or annuloplasty rings secondary to degeneration and loss of integrity of the annular tissue. Moderate-to-severe PVL…

Introduction Mitral valve disease is the most common cardiac valve condition, with the prevalence of significant regurgitation or stenosis increasing with age and estimated to be 9.5% in the general…

Introduction Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common valvular regurgitant abnormality, increasing in prevalence with age and affecting approximately 4 million people in the United States alone. , Severe MR…

Introduction Mitral stenosis (MS) is the most common sequelae of rheumatic heart disease and is characterized by diffuse fibrous thickening of the margins of the mitral valve (MV) leaflets and…

Paravalvular leak (PVL) occurs in 5% to 17% of patients after valve replacement surgery. Although the majority of PVLs are subclinical, some patients develop symptoms of heart failure, hemolysis, or…

Transcatheter aortic valve-in-valve (VIV) is an established treatment of degenerative surgical bioprostheses in patients at high operative risk and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2015….

Self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement: The medtronic corevalve system Currently in the United States, the most widely used self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve is the Medtronic CoreValve system. This transcatheter valve…