16Valvular Heart Disease For a 62-year-old patient with mild aortic stenosis (AS; V2 2–3 m/s) who is asymptomatic, what is the recommendation for follow up echocardiogram? Only when symptoms develop Every…

6Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) makes use of nuclei with unpaired spins. What is the nucleus used in image production? Hydrogen-1 Carbon-13 Phosphorus-31 Sodium-23 What is the…

22Cardiac Arrhythmias A 45-year-old woman is admitted with syncope while standing in the mall. No premonitory symptoms, no other significant past medical history, and on no medications except contraceptive pill….

17Adult Congenital Heart Disease What are the most common lesions associated with Noonan syndrome? Pulmonary stenosis (PS) and atrial septal defect (ASD) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)…

19Aortic Diseases A 50-year-old male with a history of a heart murmur for most of his adult life sees you in the clinic with symptoms of dyspnea on minimal effort…

32Statistical Concepts What is the arithmetic average of observations belonging to a continuous variable? Mean Median Mode None of the above Which of the following are measures of dispersion around…

21Peripheral Vascular Disease Cigarette smoking increases the odds ratio of peripheral vascular disease by which of the following? Sevenfold Threefold Ninefold Twofold None of the above The underlying mechanism(s) of…

12Cardiomyopathies About 30% of dilated cardiomyopathies are inherited. What modes of transmission are included? Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked Mitochondrial All of the above. What is the most common mode…

4Stress Testing and Risk Stratification of Asymptomatic Subjects A 45-year-old male comes to your office for evaluation of chest pain. He reports substernal chest pressure, lasts a few minutes, does…

8Cardiac Catheterization Which of the images A, B, or C in Figure 8.1 depicts the correct anatomic placement of the Kelly to identify the site of sheath entry for transfemoral…