Fig. 1.1 This aortic valve was formed with two rather than the usual three cusps. This congenital bicuspid valve is subject to abnormal mechanical factors often leading to fibrosis, calcification,…
Velocity (m/s) Mean gradient (mmHg) AVA (cm2) LV thickness (mm) 2010 2.6 14 1.7 9 2012 2.8 18 1.6 9 2014 3.0 24 1.4 9 2015 3.2 28 1.3…
Mild Moderate Severe Aortic valve area (cm2) >1.5 1.0–1.5 <1.0 Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) <20 20–39 >40 According to the 2014 AHA/ACC guidelines, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR)…
Fig. 3.1 Early steps in bacterial valve colonization . (a) Colonization of damaged epithelium: exposed stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins trigger deposition of fibrin-platelet clots to which Streptococci bind…
Fig. 2.1 Pathogenesis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). In susceptible individuals, ARF develops as a delayed, noninfectious consequence of prior streptococcal pharyngitis. The initial event is a febrile illness due…
Fig. 7.1 Mitral valve anatomy . This diagram illustrates the valve and supporting structures. From Asgar et al. [1]. Reprinted with permission from Elsevier Papillary muscle displacement results from global…
Fig. 12.1 Physiological changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy. From: Ashrafi R, Curtis SL. Heart Disease and Pregnancy. Cardiol Ther. 2017 Dec;6(2):157–173. Open Access, Springer Healthcare Hemodynamic fluctuations are…
12 Valvular Regurgitation Basic Principles Etiology and Severity of Valve Regurgitation Vena Contracta Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area Regurgitant Volume Regurgitant Orifice Area Distal Flow Reversals Continuous-Wave Doppler Signal Aortic Regurgitation…
9 Cardiomyopathies, Hypertensive, and Pulmonary Heart Disease Cardiomyopathies General Step-by-Step Approach Measure Left Ventricular Chamber Size and Systolic Function Evaluate for the Presence and Pattern of Ventricular Hypertrophy Assess Left…
3 Transesophageal Echocardiography Step-By-Step Approach Clinical Data TEE Protocol Basic Examination Principles Imaging Sequence Left Ventricle Left Atrium and Atrial Septum Mitral Valve Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta Coronary Arteries…
