Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances
AV block is a disturbance in conduction between the normal sinus impulse and the eventual ventricular response. The block is assigned to one of three classes, according to the severity…
CARDIOLOGY
Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
A pacemaker is a device that delivers battery-supplied electrical stimuli over leads to electrodes that are in contact with the heart. It primarily treats bradycardia. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)…
Cardiovascular Infections and Related Conditions
I. Infective Endocarditis (Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis) A. Prevalence Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) affects 0.5:1000 to 1:1000 hospital patients, excluding those with postoperative endocarditis. B. Pathology and Pathogenesis 1. Two factors…
Primary Myocardial Diseases (Cardiomyopathy)
Primary myocardial disease affects the heart muscle itself and is not associated with congenital, valvular, or coronary heart disease or systemic disorders. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based…
Miscellaneous Congenital Heart Diseases
I. Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Alcapa Syndrome) A. Pathology and Pathophysiology The left coronary artery (LCA) arises abnormally from the main PA. Postnatal decrease in…
Miscellaneous Congenital Heart Diseases
I. Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery (Bland-White-Garland Syndrome, Alcapa Syndrome) A. Pathology and Pathophysiology The left coronary artery (LCA) arises abnormally from the main PA. Postnatal decrease in…
Obstructive Lesions
I. Pulmonary Stenosis A. Prevalence Isolated PS occurs in 4% to 8% of all CHDs. B. Pathology and Pathophysiology 1. PS may be valvular (90%), subvalvular (infundibular), or supravalvular (i.e.,…
Noninvasive Imaging Tools
I. Echocardiography Echocardiography (echo) is an extremely useful noninvasive test used in the diagnosis and management of heart disease. An echo study currently begins with real-time two-dimensional echo (2D echo),…
Other Noninvasive Tools
Besides noninvasive imaging tools, there are other noninvasive investigational tools that are frequently used in the evaluation of cardiac patients. They include exercise stress testing, long-term ECG monitoring, and ambulatory…
Invasive Procedures
There are two kinds of invasive procedures that are used in the practice of pediatric cardiology: diagnostic cardiac catheterization (including angiocardiography) and catheter intervention procedures (therapeutic cardiac catheterization). I. Cardiac…
