Athletes With Cardiac Problems
Almost all states in the United States require some type of preparticipation screening of participants in organized sports. The major reason for this screening is to help prevent sudden unexpected…
CARDIOLOGY
Pulmonary Hypertension
I. Definition Thirty 30 mm Hg has been used as the normal upper limit for systolic PA pressure and 25 mm Hg as the normal upper limit for mean PA…
Systemic Hypertension
I. Definition For adults, the 2017 Guidelines by the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and several other organizations jointly revised the earlier definition and classification of hypertension (HTN)…
Palpitation
I. Definition Palpitation is one of the most common cardiac symptoms encountered in medical practice but it poorly corresponds to demonstrable abnormalities. The term palpitation is used loosely to describe…
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Defects
A. CYANOSIS I. Pathophysiology of Cyanosis Before discussing individual cyanotic CHD, a brief review of pathophysiology of cyanosis is in order. II. Causes of Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration…
Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular heart disease is either congenital or acquired. Many congenital valvular abnormalities are associated with other major defects. A relatively isolated form of valvular heart disease is rheumatic in origin,…
Cardiac Tumors
I. Prevalence 1. Cardiac tumors in the pediatric age group are very rare. A large portion of pediatric primary heart tumors (about 70%) are seen in patients younger than 1…
Cardiovascular Involvement in Systemic Diseases
Many systemic diseases may have important cardiovascular (CV) manifestations. The CV manifestations usually are evident when the diagnosis of the primary disease is made, but occasionally CV manifestations may precede…
Cardiac Arrhythmias
Normal heart rate varies with age: the younger the child, the faster the heart rate. Therefore the definitions used for adults of bradycardia (fewer than 60 beats/min) and tachycardia (above…
