Echocardiography
Echocardiography Lisa Willis Howley INTRODUCTION Fetal arrhythmias, accounting for ˜10% to 20% of referrals to fetal cardiologists, can be accurately diagnosed in the prenatal period.1,2,3,4 Clinical detection and diagnosis of…
CARDIOLOGY
Magnetocardiography
Magnetocardiography Ronald Wakai INTRODUCTION Electrocardiography (ECG) is the gold standard for rhythm assessment; however, fetal ECG (fECG) is not used clinically for assessment of fetal rhythm due to its limited…
Electronic Monitoring
Electronic Monitoring Rachel L. Rodel Henry L. Galan INTRODUCTION The two most common obstetrical means to assess fetal well-being are electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring and the biophysical profile…
Genetics of Fetal Arrhythmias
Genetics of Fetal Arrhythmias Susan Etheridge Lindsay Meyers INTRODUCTION The fetus of a normal pregnancy was delivered emergently by cesarean delivery at 31 weeks’ gestation for bradycardia which was thought…
Before Diagnosis: Initial Evaluation of the Pregnancy With Fetal Arrhythmia
Before Diagnosis: Initial Evaluation of the Pregnancy With Fetal Arrhythmia Julia A. Drose Bettina F. Cuneo INTRODUCTION The assessment of fetal arrhythmias begins not with the echocardiogram, but with a…
Overview of Fetal Arrhythmias
Overview of Fetal Arrhythmias Julia A. Drose Bettina F. Cuneo THE NORMAL CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM An understanding of the normal cardiac conduction system is necessary to understand fetal arrhythmia (FIG….
Chapter 8 – Critical Cases at 3 A.M.
Chapter 8 Critical Cases at 3 A.M. We should first endeavor to better understand the working of the heart in all its details, and the cause of a large variety…
Chapter 7 – Confusing Conditions: ST-Segment Elevations and Tall T-Waves (Coronary Mimics)
Chapter 7 Confusing Conditions: ST-Segment Elevations and Tall T-Waves (Coronary Mimics) Key Points Not all ST-segment elevations signify an acute myocardial infarction. Indeed, noncoronary ST-segment elevations are common. Many such…
Chapter 6 – Confusing Conditions: ST-Segment Depressions and T-Wave Inversions
Chapter 6 Confusing Conditions: ST-Segment Depressions and T-Wave Inversions Key Points Patients with chest pain, dyspnea or other symptoms consistent with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) often do not have…
Chapter 3 – Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction
Chapter 3 Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction Key Points Acute anterior wall ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) classically presents with ST-segment elevations in one or more precordial leads. Usually, ST-elevation in lead…
