Lymphedema Risk Reduction and Management
Key Points • Lymphedema is more than mechanical insufficiency due to reduced transport capacity. Lymphedema is an inflammatory edema associated with an increase in the adipose content of the subcutaneous…
Refining Planning of Lymphedema Surgery of the Extremities Using MRI and CT Imaging Techniques
Key Points • Lymphedema (surgical) treatment is nowadays tailored to the patient’s needs and even more specifically to the local needs in one affected limb. • Lymphoscintigraphy and near-infrared fluoroscopy…
Clinical Evaluation of Lymphedema
Key Points • The clinician’s role in lymphedema treatment and management is to provide the best diagnosis, treatment plan, and advice as to what will be the most appropriate approach;…
ICG Lymphography and Its Application
Key Points • Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography clearly visualizes superficial lymph flows in real time without ionized radiation exposure. • Dynamic ICG lymphography, dual-phase fluorescent image observation, is important to…
Animal Study and Cadaver Dissection of Lymphedema
Key Points • Lymphangiogenesis occurs in four distinct regular phases: lymphatic competence, lymphatic commitment, lymphatic speciation, and lymphatic maturation. • Vascular endothelial growth factor C and vascular endothelial growth factor…
Lymphoscintigraphy Interpretation, Staging, and Lymphedema Grading
Key Points • Lymphoscintigraphy is an objective and reliable imaging modality for diagnosing lymphedema, categorizing its severity, and guiding appropriate treatment. • The diagnostic utility of lymphoscintigraphy depends upon meticulous…
Primary Lymphedema with Concomitant Vascular and Lymphatic Lesions
Key Points • Primary extremity lymphedema is a debilitating disease with a reported incidence of 1–3 in every 10,000 births, and it may present with concomitant vascular lesions or retroperitoneal…
Anatomy and Structural Physiology of the Lymphatic System
Key Points • Precise knowledge about normal lymphatic anatomy in the upper and lower extremities can empower practitioners to distinguish structural changes occurring in lymphedema. • Lymphatic anatomy in lymphedema…
Pathophysiology and Molecular Research in Lymphedema
Introduction Lymphedema can develop as a result of developmental or genetic abnormalities intrinsic to the lymphatic system (primary lymphedema) or secondary to extrinsic factors (infections, trauma, malignancy, obesity, etc.) that…
Introduction to Lymphedema Surgery: Principles and Practice
“Declare the past, diagnose the present, foretell the future.” –Hippocrates. Overview The surgical treatment of lymphedema has evolved tremendously since the early 21st century. With the advances in microsurgical techniques,…
