Electrode catheters Basic mapping catheters Catheters used for electrophysiology studies (EPSs) and ablation are composed of multiple insulated wires encased in woven Dacron or polyurethane. Electrodes used in electrophysiology (EP)…
Normal excitation of the heart Cardiac electrical activity starts by the spontaneous excitation of “pacemaker” cells in the sinoatrial node in the right atrium. Pacemaker automaticity is due to spontaneous…
Bradyarrhythmias are due to sinus nodal disease ( Box 1.1 ) or atrioventricular conduction block ( Box 1.2 ). Box 1.1 Sinus Node Dysfunction (with accompanying symptoms) Sinus bradycardia Sinoatrial…
Key Points • Surgical success can be defined as the downgrading of the patient’s lymphedema grades with improved symptoms, at least a 10% decrease in circumferential difference, a decrease in…
Lymphedema Milestons and Globalization Lymphedema Milestones in Diagnosis and Treatment The surgical and microsurgical treatment of lymphedema is rapidly evolving with new techniques, improved outcome reporting, and descriptions of more…
Key Points • Treatment of advanced lymphedema remains a challenge in reconstructive surgery. Surgical management with excisional procedures is indicated in select patients when conservative measures have failed. • Based…
Key Points • Complete decongestive therapy remains the only lymphedema treatment that is supported at the highest level of evidence. • Health-related quality of life (QOL) is a multidimensional construct…
Key Points • If there is significant pitting (>8–10 mm in depth) of the lymphedematous limb, conservative treatment (combined physiotherapy) is indicated to remove the lymph and transfer the lymphedema…
Key Points • The Lymphatic Microsurgical Preventative Healing Approach, or immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR), is a surgical procedure for the prevention of lymphedema (LE). • This procedure is performed by…
Key Points • Lymphedema staging • Surgical treatment of lymphedema & lymphatic microsurgery • SS-MLVA/single site – multiple lymphatic-venous anastomoses • MLVLA – multiple lymphatic-venous-lymphatic anastomoses (autologous interpositioned vein graft)…
